Trends in Nigerian Pidgin orthography on digital platforms
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.60787/jnlp.v6i2.70Keywords:
Basic Linguistic Theory, digital communication, Nigerian Pidgin, orthography, social media, standardisationAbstract
Nigerian Pidgin (NP) is a dynamic contact language with an English-based vocabulary and influences from various Nigerian languages. Although primarily oral, the emergence of NP on digital platforms has led to new spelling conventions, punctuation practices, and the incorporation of loanwords. This paper adopts Basic Linguistic Theory (BLT) to investigate changes in NP orthography by examining trends in its structure and function. Through a qualitative analysis of a corpus of NP texts sourced from Facebook and Instagram, the study highlights the challenges
involved in attempting to standardize the orthography of this multilingual and fluid language. The findings reveal that while digital communication has increas ed the visibility of NP, it has also complicated efforts to formalize its writing system. This has significant implications for lexicographers, linguists, and scholars seeking to document or study Nigerian Pidgin for academic, literary, or media purposes.
References
Adebayo, M. O. (2022). Syntactic analysis of Nigerian Pidgin as used by university of Africa undergraduates. English Language Teaching Today, 15, 47–57.
Adebayo, M. O. (2023a). Exploring the meaning of Pidgin English on social media: A
sociolinguistic analysis of Nigerian Pidgin hashtags as adapted speech. Sociolinguistic
Studies, 7(3), 321–342.
Adebayo, M. O. (2023b). Syntactic analysis of Nigerian Pidgin used in BBC news coverage
of the February 25th , 2023 presidential election. 119–142.
Afeadie, P. A. (2017). Language of power: Pidgin English in colonial governing of Northern Nigeria. Historical Society of Ghana, 17(17), 63–92. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26512470
Affia, P. (2023). Nigerian Pidgin : The identity of a Nigerian away from home. Working
Papers in Applied Linguistics and Linguistics at York., 3, 69–84.
https://wally.journals.yorku.ca/index.php/default/article/view/23/33
Afolabi, M., Kanya, I., & Joseph, K. (2023). International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews Harnessing the Potential of Nigerian Pidgin to Serve as a Tool for National Integration in Nigeria. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, 4(1), 1562–1565.
Agantiem, A. A. & Alagbe, J. O. (2023). A comparative study of Nigerian English Pidgin
usage among students in Federal University of Lafia. ANSU Journal of Language and
Literary Studies, 2(3), 1–17.
Ajayi, O. B., & Kilani, S. (2024). Making Nigerian Pidgin English an official language in Nigeria: Prospects and challenges. International Journal of Humanities Social Science and Management, 4(2), 507–516. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/SakiruKilani/publication/379573585_Making_Nigerian_Pidgin_English_an_Official_Langu
age_in_Nigeria_Prospects_and_Challenges/links/660fc0cbf5a5de0a9ffba386/MakingNigerian-Pidgin-English-an-Official-Language-in-NigeriaAjibade, Y. A., Adeyemi, B. B., &
Awopetu, E. O. (2012). Unity in diversity: The Nigerian youth, Nigerian Pidgin English and the Nigerian language policy. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 2(3), 289-295.
Akinlotan, M. (2022). Wetin una dey yan: Variation in the use of copula dey in Nigerian
Pidgin English. Southern African Linguistics and Applied Language Studies, 40(3),
–305.
Aldahhan, A., & Razak, N. A. (2023). Literature review of using digital platforms in
enhancing undergraduate students’ communicative competence. Journal for ReAttach
Therapy and Developmental …, 6(10s(2)), 1139–1152.
https://www.jrtdd.com/index.php/journal/article/view/1679%0Ahttps://www.jrtdd.com
/index.php/journal/article/download/1679/1176
Babalola, A. (2021). Morphological features of Nigerian Pidgin in the football commentary. Journal of Universal Language, 22(1), 27–64.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2021.22.1.27
Bamgbose, A. (1991). Language and the nation: The language question in sub-Saharan
Africa. Edinburgh University Press.
Barus, N., Rangkuti, R., & Mono, U. (2024). Code-mixing and code-switching in online
teaching. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pengajaran, 57(1), 205–212.
Bigi, B., Abiola, O. S., & Caron, B. (2020). Resources and tools for automated speech
segmentation of the african language naija (nigerian pidgin). In Human Language
Technology. Challenges for Computer Science and Linguistics: 8th Language and
Technology Conference, LTC 2017, Poznań, Poland, November 17-19, 2017, Revised
Selected Papers 8 (pp. 164-173). Springer International Publishing.
Grice, P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. Academic Press.
Crystal, D. (2008). Txtng: The Gr8 Db8. Oxford University Press.
Deuber, D. (2002). “ First year of nation ’ s return to government of make you talk your own make I talk my own ” Anglicisms versus pidginization in news translations into Nigerian Pidgin *. English World-Wide, 23(2), 195–222.
Dixon, R. M. (2009). Basic linguistic theory volume 1: Methodology (Vol. 1). Oxford
University Press.
Dryer, M. (2005). What is basic linguistic theory? (pp. 1–2). Department of Linguistics, University at Buffalo. https://www.acsu.buffalo.edu/~dryer/blt
Egbokhare, F. O. (2021). The accidental lingua franca: The paradox of the ascendancy of
Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria. Current trends in Nigerian Pidgin English: A sociolinguistic perspective, 117, 67.
Ehondor, B. (2020). Nigerian Pidgin English: A cultural universal for national
communication and policy enactment. Journal of Philosophy, Culture and Religion, 50, 69–74. https://doi.org/10.7176/jpcr/50-09
Ekundayo, O. O. S. (2022). Naija: The cinderella for Nigerian and West African national
language, unity and identity. Journal of General Education and Humanities, 1(4), 175-
Endong, F. P. C. (2015). The use of Nigerian Pidgin English in print advertising: Deviation from standard orthography and effectiveness. International Journal of Art Culture, 1(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.18131
Ewata, T. O. (2015). Music & social criticism in Nigeria. International Journal of
Humanities and Cultural Studies, 2(3), 262–282.
Ewata, T. O. (2025 ) [forthcoming]. More than rhymes and rhythms: Hip-Hop as a vehicle
for cultural identity in Nigeria. In Navigating Nigeria’s cultural landscape: Role of
languages in unifying ethnic nationalities.
Han, Y. (2024). The Impact of Digital Media on Language Styles and Communication
Methods Based on Text, Image, and Video Forms. Lecture Notes in Education
Psychology and Public Media, 40(1), 211–219. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-
/40/20240754
Heyd, T. (2016). Global varieties of English gone digital: Orthographic and semantic
variation in digital Nigerian Pidgin. In English in Computer-Mediated Communication.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110490817-006
Honkanen, M. (2022). “This word no get concrete meaning oo”: Pragmatic markers in
Nigerian online communication. Journal of Pragmatics, 202, 93–104.
Honkanen, M. (2023). Orthography and the sociolinguistics of writing. Oxford Research
Encyclopedia of Linguistics.
https://oxfordre.com/linguistics/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.001.0001/acre
fore-9780199384655-e-998
Igboanusi, H. (2008). Empowering Nigerian Pidgin: A challenge for status planning? World Englishes, 27(1), 68–82.
Kelly-Holmes, H. (2019). Multilingualism and Technology: A Review of Developments in
Digital Communication from Monolingualism to Idiolingualism. Annual Review of
Applied Linguistics, 39(2019), 24–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190519000102
Kosecki, K. (2023). On metonymy-based lexical innovations in Nigerian Pidgin English and Tok Pisin: A cognitive linguistic perspective. Lodz Papers in Pragmatics, 19(1), 49–70.
Li, J., Brar, A., & Roihan, N. (2021). The use of digital technology to enhance language and literacy skills for Indigenous people: A systematic literature review. Computers and Education Open, 2(March), 100035. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100035
Lin, P. J., Saeed, M., Chang, E., & Scholman, M. (2023). Low-Resource Cross-Lingual
Adaptive Training for Nigerian Pidgin. Proceedings of the Annual Conference of the
International Speech Communication Association, INTERSPEECH, 2023-Augus,
–3958. https://doi.org/10.21437/Interspeech.2023-466
Lin, P., Scholman, M., Saeed, M., & Demberg, V. (2024). Modeling orthographic variation
improves NLP performance for Nigerian Pidgin. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2404.18264.
Mensah, E. O. (2011). Lexicalization in Nigerian Pidgin. Concentric: Studies in
Linguistics, 37(2), 209-240.
Mensah, E., Ukaegbu, E., & Nyong, B. (2021). Towards a working orthography of Nigerian
Pidgin. In A. T. Akande & O. Salami (Ed.), Current Trends in Nigerian Pidgin English:
A Sociolinguistic Perspective (pp. 177–199). Walter de Gruyter.
https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501513541-007
Meyers, E. M., Erickson, I., & Small, R. V. (2013). Digital literacy and informal learning environments: an introduction. Learning, media and technology, 38(4), 355-367.
Mufwene, S. S. (2024). Pidgin. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/topic/pidgin
Ngulube, T. L. R. & I. E. (2022). Pidgin and Creole in Advertising and Marketing. British Journal of Mass Communication and Media Research, 2(1), 1–13.
https://doi.org/10.52589/bjmcmr-tzrjsi8l
Njemanze, Q. U. (2014). Nigerian Pidgin in a Multicutural Nation: Challenges, Reflections and Realities. Humanities and Social Sciences Letters, 2(4), 181-191.
Ojarikre, A. (2013). Perspectives and problems of codifying Nigerian Pidgin English
orthography. Perspectives, 3(12), 126-133.
Ojo, O., & Taiye, O. F. (2020). The Nigerian Pidgin English: A tool for National Integration. Research Journal in Modern Languages and Literatures, 1(1), 40-49.
Osoba, J. B. (2014a). The use of Nigerian Pidgin in media adverts. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n2p26
Osoba, J. B. (2014b). The use of Nigerian Pidgin in political jingles. International Journal of English Linguistics, 4(2), 105–127. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijel.v4n2p26
Osoba, J. B. (2015). Analysis of Discourse in Nigerian Pidgin. Journal of Universal
Language, 16(1), 131–159. https://doi.org/10.22425/jul.2015.16.1.131
Oyewusi, W. F., Adekanmbi, O., & Akinsande, O. (2020). Semantic enrichment of Nigerian
Pidgin English for contextual sentiment classification. ArXiv Preprint
ArXiv:2003.12450., 2012–2015.
Pituxcoosuvarn, M., Murakami, Y., & Yamada, S. (2023). Code-mixing strategies for
computer mediated communication with non-native speakers. Proceedings of the 13th
International Conference on Advances in Information Technology, 1–6.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3628454.3631155
Romaine, S. (2005). Orthographic practices in the standardization of pidgins and creoles: Pidgin in Hawai’i as anti-language and anti-standard. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages, 20(1), 101–140. https://doi.org/10.1075/jpcl.20.1.07rom
Saeed, M., Bourgonje, P., & Demberg, V. (2024). Implicit discourse relation classification for Nigerian Pidgin. ArXiv Preprint ArXiv:2406.18776. http://arxiv.org/abs/2406.18776
Steven Ekundayo, O. O. (2022). Is the Nigerian Pidgin Bread Being Buttered or Battered in Linguistics, Teaching and Use Worldwide? Sumerianz Journal of Education,
Linguistics and Literature, 5(54), 80–90. https://doi.org/10.47752/sjell.54.80.90
Time, V. M., & Pryce, D. K. (2021). A sociological perspective on Pidgin’s viability and usefulness for development in West Africa. Contemporary Journal of African Studies,
(1 & 2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4314/contjas.v8i2.1
Usoro, D. G. & Nsit, A. (2024). The status of Nigerian Pidgin in Nigeria’s linguistic
landscape: Another examination. Erudite Compendiums in Education, 89–100.